EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Introduction -- Approaches to national oceans policy -- The use of New Zealand's oceans -- The governance of New Zealand's oceans -- Development of a New Zealand oceans policy -- Conclusions -- INTRODUCTION PART ONE APPROACHES TO NATIONAL OCEANS POLICY Introduction -- 1. What is a National Oceans Policy? Definition of a national oceans policy -- Spatial coverage of a national oceans policy -- Elements of a national oceans policy -- Outcomes of a national oceans policy -- 2. Why is a National Oceans Policy Needed? Implementing international obligations -- Managing environmental pressures -- Maximising economic and social opportunities -- 3. Governance Challenges for Oceans Management Large marine ecosystems -- Fragmented jurisdictions -- Multiple competing uses -- Uncertain knowledge -- Uncertain and polarised constituencies -- Lack of established property rights regime -- Rapid development of new uses --
^ 4. Governance Approaches to Oceans Management Ecosystems-based management -- Integrated oceans management -- Adaptive management -- Constituency building -- 5. Development of a National Oceans Policy Political leadership -- Time and resources -- Science and policy mix -- Legislation Phasing -- Part One conclusions -- PART TWO THE USE OF NEW ZEALAND'S OCEANS Introduction 6. What Ocean Resources Does New Zealand Have? -- Extent of the oceans -- Living marine resources -- Non-living marine resources -- 7. How Are New Zealand's Ocean Resources Used? Commercial extractive uses -- Transportation -- Cultural Enjoyment Future uses -- 8. How Do Uses Impact on Ocean Ecosystems? Marine habitat alteration and destruction -- Harvesting of marine resources -- Water pollution and sedimentation -- Invasive marine species -- Toxic blooms -- Part Two conclusions. -- PART THREE THE GOVERNANCE OF NEW ZEALAND'S OCEANS Introduction --
^ 9. Oceans governance framework Sustainable management practices -- Special marine management areas -- Representative network of highly protected marine areas -- Functioning of governance system -- 'Snapshot' of New Zealand's oceans governance system -- 10. Sustainable Management Practices Fisheries management regime that addresses the impacts of fishing activity on marine ecosystems -- Catchment management regime that effectively manages marine sedimentation and pollution from land-based sources -- Environmental impact regime that ensures that structures and activities which are established in the marine area do not disrupt marine ecosystems -- Marine pollution management regime that effectively manages the discharge of pollutants from ships and marine structures -- Effective bio-invasion prevention and response capability -- Evaluation -- 11. Special Marine Management Areas Marine mammal sanctuaries -- Areas closed to fishing activity --
^ Mataitai reserves -- Taiapure-local fisheries -- Foreshore and seabed reserves -- Marine parks Areas protected by special legislation -- Areas of significant conservation value -- Areas to be avoided by shipping -- Cable exclusion areas -- Marine Protected Areas Policy Statement and Implementation Plan -- Evaluation -- 12. Network of Highly Protected Marine Areas Legislative provisions -- Current marine reserves -- Establishment of marine reserves -- Evaluation -- 13. Functioning of Governance System Connectivity -- Adaptive management -- Strong constituency -- Evaluation -- 14. What Should New Zealand's Oceans Policy Contain? What might a world-leading oceans governance system look like? -- How might an oceans policy help New Zealand get there? -- Part Three conclusions -- APPENDICES COMPARATOR COUNTRY CASE STUDIES A. Australia's Oceans Policy Context -- Origin of national oceans policy -- Development of policy --
^ Content of policy -- Implementation -- Evaluation -- B. Canada's Oceans Policy Context -- Origins of national oceans policy -- Development of policy -- Content of policy -- Implementation -- Evaluation -- C. The USA's Oceans Policy Context -- Origins of national oceans policy -- Development of policy -- Content of policy -- Implementation -- Evaluation -- D. New Zealand's Oceans Policy Origins of national oceans policy -- Development of policy -- Possible content of policy -- Evaluation.