Book Description: Biological Psychology is a comprehensive survey of the biological bases of behavior that is authoritative and up-to-date. Designed for undergraduates enrolled in Biological Psychology, Physiological Psychology, or Behavioral Neuroscience, the book continues to offer an outstanding illustration program that engages students, making even complicated topics and processes clear. It offers a broad perspective, encompassing lucid descriptions of behavior, evolutionary history, development, proximate mechanisms, and applications. The Sixth Edition features a thoroughly redesigned and up-to-date Cognitive Neuroscience module (Part VI; Chapters 17 19), with expanded coverage of attention, executive control, and decision-making processes, in keeping with the latest research breakthroughs. Optional advanced topics are available on the Web as A Step Further, streamlining the printed text to emphasize the important points.^
Each has bold-faced key terms, callouts to pertinent figures, and references to the Companion Website. Bold-faced terms are defined in the margins of the text to help students identify and learn key terminology. All references to figures, tables, and boxes are boldfaced and in color, for easy differentiation from the body of the text. The free-access Biological Psychology Companion Website is referenced from in-text callouts and in the chapter summaries.
The new edition boasts hundreds of new references, including research students may have encountered in the popular media. Yet critical thinking skills are also honed as the reader is alerted to the many widely held myths about the neuroscience of behavior and educated about facts that sound unlikely to the uninformed. Thorough and reader-friendly, Biological Psychology reveals the fascinating interactions of brain and behavior. KEY FEATURES: The book has an outstanding full-color art program, including hundreds of original illustrations that make it easy to understand structures, mechanisms, and processes in the brain. Each chapter opens with a brief outline and a narrative illustrating an important aspect of behavioral biology that will be made clear to the student by reading the rest of the chapter. Redesigned chapter summaries are organized by main chapter heads in a readable two-column format.^
Includes bibliographical references (p. [R1]-R48) and indexes.
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Contents
Preface -- 1: Biological psychology: scope and outlook: -- What is biological psychology? -- Five viewpoints explore the biology of behavior -- Box 1-1: We are all alike, and we are all different -- Three approaches relate brain and behavior -- Neuroplasticity: Behavior can change the brain -- Biological psychologists use several levels of analysis -- Preview of the book: fables and facts about the brain -- Neuroscience contributes to our understanding of psychiatric disorders -- Animal research makes vital contributions -- History of research on the brain and behavior begins in antiquity -- Box 1-2: Is bigger better? The case of the brain and intelligence -- Part 1: Biological Foundations Of Behavior: -- 2: Functional neuroanatomy: the nervous system and behavior: -- Nervous system is composed of cells -- Box 2-1: Neuroanatomical methods provide ways to make sense of the brain -- Nervous system consists of central and peripheral divisions --^
Box 2-2: Three customary orientations for viewing the brain and body -- Brain is described by both structure and function -- Specialized support systems protect and nourish the brain -- Newer imaging techniques enable us to look into the living human brain -- Box 2-3: Isolating specific brain activity -- 3: Neurophysiology: the generation, transmission, and integration of neural signals: -- Electrical signals are the vocabulary of the nervous system -- Box 3-1: Changing the channel -- Box 3-2: Electrical synapses work with no time delay -- Synaptic transmission requires a sequence of events -- Neurons and synapses combine to make circuits -- Gross electrical activity of the human brain -- Box 3-3: Seizure disorders -- 4: Chemical bases of behavior: neurotransmitters and neuropharmacology: -- Many chemical neurotransmitters have been identified -- Neurotransmitter systems form a complex array in the brain -- Research on drugs ranges from molecular processes to effects on behavior --^
Drugs affect each stage of neural conduction and synaptic transmission -- Drugs that affect the brain can be divided into functional classes -- Drug abuse is pervasive -- Box 4-1: Terminology of substance-related disorders -- 5: Hormones and the brain: -- Hormones act in a great variety of ways throughout the body -- Hormones act on a wide variety of cellular mechanisms -- Box 5-1: Techniques of modern behavioral endocrinology -- Each endocrine gland secretes specific hormones -- Box 5-2: Stress and growth: psychosocial dwarfism -- Hormones affect behavior in many different ways -- Hormonal and neural systems interact to produce integrated responses.
Part 2: Evolution And Development Of The Nervous System: -- 6: Evolution of the brain and behavior: -- How did the enormous variety of species arise on earth? -- Why should we study other species? -- Box 6-1: Why should we study particular species? -- Box 6-2: To each its own sensory world -- All vertebrate brains share the same basic structures -- Evolution of vertebrate brains reflects changes in behavior -- Many factors led to the rapid evolution of a large cortex in primates -- Box 6-3: Evolutionary psychology -- Evolution continues today -- 7: Life-span development of the brain and behavior: -- Growth and development of the brain are orderly processes -- Development of the nervous system can be divided into six distinct stages -- Box 7-1: Degeneration and regeneration of nervous tissue -- Glial cells provide myelin, which is vital for brain function -- Box 7-2: Frog retinotectal system demonstrates intrinsic and extrinsic factors in neural development --^
Genes interact with experience to guide brain development -- Box 7-3: Transgenic and knockout mice -- Experience is an important influence on brain development -- Development disorders of the brain impair behavior -- Brain continues to change as we grow older -- Two timescales are needed to describe brain development -- Part 3: Perception And Action: -- 8: General principles of sensory processing, touch, and pain: -- Sensory processing: -- Sensory receptor organs detect energy or substances -- What type of stimulus was that? -- Sensory processing begins in receptor cells -- Sensory information processing is selective and analytical -- Box 8-1: Synesthesia -- Touch: Many sensations blended together: -- Skin is a complex organ that contains a variety of sensory receptors -- Dorsal column system carries somatosensory information from the skin to the brain -- Pain: Unpleasant but adaptive experience: -- Human pain can be measured -- Specific pathway transmits pain information --^
Pain control can be difficult -- 9: Hearing, vestibular perception, taste, and smell: -- Hearing: -- Each part of the ear performs a specific function in hearing -- Box 9-1: Basics of sound -- Auditory system pathways run from the brainstem to the cortex -- Two main theories describe how we discriminate pitch -- By comparing the ears, we can localize sounds -- Auditory cortex performs complex tasks in the perception of sound -- Deafness is a major disorder of the nervous system -- Vestibular perception: -- Receptor mechanisms for the vestibular system are in the inner ear -- Evolution has shaped the auditory and vestibular end organs -- Nerve fibers from the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) synapse in the brainstem -- Some forms of vestibular excitation procedure motion sickness -- Chemical senses: taste and smell: -- Chemicals in tastants elicit taste sensations -- Chemicals in the air elicit odor sensations -- 10: Vision: from eye to brain: --^
Vision provides information about the form, color, location, movement, and identity of objects -- Box 10-1: Basics of light -- Visual system extends from the eye to the brain -- Neural signals travel from the retina to several brain regions -- Box 10-2: Eyes with lenses have evolved in several phyla -- Neurons at different levels of the visual system have very different receptive fields -- Area V1 is organized in columns and slabs -- Color vision depends on special channels from the retinal cones through Cortical Area V4 -- Perception of visual motion is analyzed by a special system that includes Cortical Area V5 -- Many cortical visual areas are organized into two major streams -- Visual neuroscience can be applied to alleviate some visual deficiencies.
11: Motor control and plasticity: -- Behavioral view -- Control systems view -- Neuroscience view -- Movements are controlled at several nervous system levels -- Box 11-1: Cortical neurons control movements of a robotic arm -- Extrapyramidal systems also modulate motor commands -- Disorders of muscle, spinal cord, or brain can disrupt movement -- Box 11-2: Tragic mistake -- Part 4: Regulation And Behavior: -- 12: Sex: evolutionary, hormonal, and neural bases: -- Sexual behavior: -- Reproductive behavior can be divided into four stages -- Neural circuitry of the brain regulates reproductive behavior -- Pheromones guide reproductive behavior in many species -- Hallmark of human sexual behavior is diversity -- Many vertebrates depend on their parents for survival -- Sexual differentiation: -- Sex of an individual is determined early in life -- How should we define gender-by genes, gonads, genitals, or the brain? --^
Gonadal hormones direct sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior -- Box 12-1: Paradoxical sexual differentiation of the spotted hyena -- Social influences affect sexual differentiation of the nervous system -- Do early gonadal hormones masculinize human behaviors in adulthood? -- 13: Homeostatsis: active regulation of internal states: -- Homeostasis maintains internal states within a critical range -- Temperature regulation: -- Body temperature is a critical condition for all biological processes -- Some animals generate heat; others must obtain heat from the environment -- Which behaviors can adjust body temperature? -- Brain monitors and regulates body temperature -- Fluid regulation: -- Our cells evolved to function in seawater -- Two internal cues trigger thirst -- Homeostatic regulation of salt is required for effective regulation of water -- Food and energy regulation: -- Nutrient regulation requires the anticipation of future needs --^
Insulin is crucial for the regulation of body metabolism -- Hypothalamus coordinates multiple systems that control hunger -- Obesity is difficult to treat -- Box 13-1: Body fat stores are tightly regulated, even after surgical removal of fat -- Eating disorders are life-threatening -- 14: Biological Rhythms, sleep, and dreaming: -- Biological rhythms: -- Many animals show daily rhythms in activity -- Hypothalamus houses a circadian clock -- Animals use circannual rhythms to anticipate seasonal changes -- Sleeping and waking: -- Human sleep exhibits different stages -- Different species provide clues about the evolution of sleep -- Our sleep patterns change across the life span -- Manipulating sleep reveals an underlying structure -- Box 14-1: Sleep deprivation can be fatal -- What are the biological functions of sleep? -- At least four interacting neural systems underline sleep -- Sleep disorders can be serious, even life-threatening -- Part 5: Emotions And Mental Disorders: --^
15: Emotions, aggression, and stress: -- What are emotions? -- Broad theories of emotion emphasize bodily responses -- How many emotions do we experience? -- Box 15-1: Lie detector? -- Emotions from the evolutionary viewpoint -- Do distinct brain circuits mediate emotions? -- Neural circuitry, hormones, and synaptic transmitters mediate violence and aggression -- Stress activates many bodily responses -- Stress and emotions are related to some human diseases -- 16: Psychopathology: biological basis of behavioral disorders: -- Toll of psychiatric disorders is huge -- Schizophrenia is the major neurobiological challenge in psychiatry -- Box 16-1: Long-term effects of antipsychotic drugs -- Mood disorders are a major psychiatric category -- Box 16-2: Season to be depressed -- There are several types of anxiety disorders -- Box 16-3: Tics, twitches, and snorts: the unusual character of Tourette's syndrome -- Neurosurgery has been used to treat psychiatric disorders --^
Abnormal prion proteins destroy the brain -- Part 6: Cognitive Neuroscience.
17: Learning and memory: -- Functional perspectives on memory: -- There are several kinds of memory and learning -- Box 17-1: Learning and memory: some basic concepts and definitions -- Memory has temporal stages: short, intermediate, and long -- Successive processes capture, store, and retrieve information in the brain -- Box 17-2: Emotions and memory -- Different brain regions process different aspects of memory -- Neural mechanisms of memory: -- Memory storage requires neuronal remodeling -- Invertebrate nervous systems show plasticity -- Synaptic plasticity can be measured in simple hippocampal circuits -- Some simple learning relies on circuits in the mammalian cerebellum -- In the adult brain, newly born neurons may aid learning -- Learning and memory change as we age -- 18: Attention and higher cognition: -- Attention selects stimuli for processing -- Attention may be endogenous or exogenous -- Box 18-1: Reaction-time responses, from input to output --^
Electrophysiological techniques trace rapid changes of brain activity -- Many brain regions are involved in processes of attention -- Neurological disorders reveal the anatomy of attention -- Consciousness is the most mysterious property of the nervous system -- Frontal lobes are crucial for higher-order cognitive and emotional functions -- 19: Language and hemispheric asymmetry: -- Development and evolution of speech and language are remarkable -- Language disorders result from region-specific brain injuries -- Box 19-1: WADA test -- Reading skills are difficult to acquire and frequently impaired -- Brain stimulation provides information about the organization of language in the brain -- Functional neuroimaging portrays the organization of the brain for speech and language -- Williams syndrome offers clues about language -- Left brain is different from the right brain -- Deficits in spatial perception follow right-hemisphere damage --^
Following some injuries, the brain can recover function -- Box 19-2: Sport that destroys the mind -- Box 19-3: Comparatively minor effects of childhood loss of one hemisphere -- Afterword -- Appendix -- Glossary -- Illustration credits -- References -- Author index -- Subject index.