Research Catalog
New! Try our Article Search to discover online journals, books, and more from home with your library card.
Displaying 1-50 of 179 results
Bismarck and the Guelph problem 1866-1890. A study in particularist opposition to national unity. [By] Stewart A. Stehlin.
- Text
- The Hague, Nijhoff, 1973.
- 1973
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFE 74-2325 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Beiträge zur politischen, Sozial- und Rechtsgeschichte der Hannoverschen Ständeversammlung von 1814-1833 und 1837-1849 / von Karlheinz Kolb, Jürgen Teiwes.
- Text
- Hildesheim : Lax, 1977.
- 1977
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text EKF (Historischer Verein fur Niedersachsen, Hanover. Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens, Bd. 87) v. 87-88 (1977) Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Findbuch zum Bestand, Nachlass Ernst Friedrich Herbert Graf Münster, (1766-1839) : (Dep. 110, A, Teil d. Bestandes Dep. 110, Familien- u. Gutsarchiv Derneburg) / bearb. von Carl Haase.
- Text
- Göttingen : Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1978.
- 1978
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFD 80-9393 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Otto Fürst zu Stolberg-Wernigerode / Heinrich Heffter ; hrsg. von Werner Pöls. Teil 1.
- Text
- Husum : Matthiesen, 1980.
- 1980
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text BAC (Historische Studien, Heft 434) Schwarzman Building - Main Reading Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Die Binnenkolonisation auf den Heidegemeinheiten zwischen Hunte und Mittelweser : (Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz) im 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert / von Rainer Cordes.
- Text
- Hildesheim : Lax, 1981.
- 1981
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text EKF (Hist. Verein fur Niedersachsen. Quellen und Darst. zur Gesch. Niedersachsens. Bd.93) v. 93-94 (1981) Offsite Welfische Bewegung und politischer Katholizismus 1866-1918 : die Deutschhannoversche Partei und das Zentrum in der Provinz Hannover während des Kaiserreiches / Hans-Georg Aschoff.
- Text
- Düsseldorf : Droste, 1987.
- 1987
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFE 88-3889 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
1918 : die Revolution in Südhannover : Begleitheft zur Dokumentation des Museumsverbundes Südniedersachsen / [Redaktion und Layout, Hans-Georg-Schmeling ; Texte, Hans-Joachim Dahms ... et al.].
- Text
- Göttingen : Städtisches Museum Göttingen, 1988.
- 1988
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFD 91-4991 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Vertrauliche Berichte des Landdrosten Bacmeister aus Aurich 1857-1864 / herausgegeben von Walter Deeters.
- Text
- Hildesheim : Lax, 1989.
- 1989
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFE 91-7501 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Hanover and Great Britain, 1740-1760 : diplomacy and survival / Uriel Dann.
- Text
- Leicester : Leicester University Press, 1991.
- 1991
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFE 91-4637 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Ernst Friedrich Herbert Graf zu Münster : Staatsmann und Kunstfreund 1760-1839 : ein Kolloquium aus Anlass seines 150. Todestages in der ehemaligen Orangerie zu Derneburg am 8. Dezember 1989 / unter wissenschaftlicher Leitung von Josef Nolte.
- Text
- Hildesheim ; New York : Olms, 1991.
- 1991
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFD 92-17678 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Das Kurfürstentum Hannover und die Französische Revolution : Quellen aus den Jahren 1791-1795 / herausgegeben von Gerhard Schneider.
- Text
- Hildesheim : A. Lax, 1989.
- 1989
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFE 93-1868 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
The Hanoverian kings and their homeland : a study of the personal union, 1714-1837 / Philip Konigs.
- Text
- Sussex, England : Book Guild, 1993.
- 1993
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFD 93-5650 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Statistischer Vierteljahresbericht Hannover.
- Text
- Hannover, [Statistisches Amt], 1896-
- 1895-
- 43 Items
Available Online
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433090783410Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text SDG (Hanover (City), Germany. Statistisches Amt. Statistischer Vierteljahresbericht) v. 88 (1989) Offsite Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text SDG (Hanover (City), Germany. Statistisches Amt. Statistischer Vierteljahresbericht) v. 89 (1990) Offsite Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text SDG (Hanover (City), Germany. Statistisches Amt. Statistischer Vierteljahresbericht) v. 90 (Jan.-June 1991) Offsite In the King's German Legion : memoirs of Baron Ompteda, colonel in the King's German Legion during the Napoleonic Wars.
- Text
- Cambridge [England] : K. Trotman, 1987.
- 1987-1894
- 1 Item
Available Online
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433041840665Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFD 96-5868 Offsite Hanover and Prussia, 1795-1803, a study in neutrality, by Guy Stanton Ford.
- Text
- New York, 1903.
- 1903
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text EKG (Ford, G. S. Hanover and Prussia, 1795-1803) Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Handbuch der geschichte der lande Hannover und Braunschweig.
- Text
- Hannover, Hahn, 1864.
- 1864
- 1 Item
Available Online
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433069340457Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text EKG (Schaumann, A. F. H. Handbuch der Geschichte der Lande Hannover und Braunschweig) Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Der grüne Führer; 460 Spaziergänge und Wanderungen durch Heide, Wald und Berge im Gebiet zwischen Lüneburg und Hann. Münden, zwischen Diepholz und Helmstedt, sowie zwischen Teutoburge Wald und Harz.
- Text
- Hannover, Verlagsgesellschaft Land und Garten A. Madsack [1963]
- 1963
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text C-12 3298 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Festschrift Robert Wiebalck, Amtsgerichtsrat a. D. in Dorum, zu seinem 80. Geburtstage am 27. Juli 1954.
- Text
- Bremerhaven, 1954.
- 1954
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text D-11 9058 no. 1-8 Schwarzman Building - Main Reading Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Annales du commerce extérieur. Hanovre. Faits commerciaux.
- Text
- Paris.
- 1851-18
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text TLG (France. Agriculture, Ministère de. Annales du commerce extérieur. Hanovre. Faits commerciaux) Library has: no 1-2; 1851-1852. 1851-52 Offsite Die Hannoversche Armee. 1636-1866. Ihre Tradition und ihr Wandel im Laufe der Kriegsgeschichte. Ein Gedenkblatt zum 100. Jahrestage ihrer letzen Bewährung im Felde. [Von] H. H. Leonhardt.
- Text
- Hannover, Culemann, 1966.
- 1966
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text D-17 7029 no. 1-7 Schwarzman Building - Main Reading Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Die Verpfändung der Grafschaft Delmenhorst an das Kurfürstentum Hannover (1711) / Dieter Rüdebusch.
- Text
- Delmenhorst : Rieck, 1971.
- 1971
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JAX B-9189 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Sechzig Jahre hannoversche Provinzialverwaltung; herausgegeben vom Landesdirektorium.
- Text
- Hannover, Göhmannsche Buchdruckerei, 1928.
- 1928
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text *SHF+ (Hanover, Germany (province). Landesdirektorium. Sechzig Jahre hannoversche Provinzialverwaltung) Offsite Die Dynastie aus Deutschland : die hannoverschen Könige von England und ihre Heimat / von Philip Königs.
- Text
- Hannover : Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1998.
- 1998
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFF 98-1414 Schwarzman Building - Main Reading Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Ueber die gegenwärtige Lage des Königreichs Hannover : ein Versuch Ansichten aufzuklären / von C. Stüve.
- Text
- Jena : Frommann, 1832.
- 1832
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFD 98-11175 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Hannover zwischen den Mächten Europas 1633-1918 [interactive multimedia] : Dokumentation zur Geschichte Niedersachsens.
- Multimedia
- [Germany] : H. Hannover Media Produktion, c1998.
- 1996
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Multimedia *WGC-793 Offsite The present state of Great-Britain and Ireland, in three parts. The I. Of South II. Of North Britain. III. Of Ireland. Containing an accurate and impartial account of these great and famous islands ... Of the Britains original ... genius, religion ... Their nobility, gentry, clergy, and commonalty. Their laws and government; with a succinct history of all the English monarchs to this time. With the lists of the present officers in church and state ... To which are added maps of the three kingdoms. Also The present states of His Majesty's dominions in Germany ... and a new map of them all.
- Text
- London, Printed by J.H. for the executors of J. Nicholson; A. Bell; R. Smith; and J. Round, 1718.
- 1718
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text *KC 1718 (Miege, G. Present state of Great-Britain and Ireland) Schwarzman Building - Rare Book Collection Room 328 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
The present state of Great Britain, and Ireland, in three parts. The I. Of South II. Of North Britain, III. Of Ireland. Containing an accurate and impartial account of these famous islands ... Of the Britons original ... genius, religion ... Their nobility, gentry, clergy, and commonalty. Their laws and government; and a succinct history of all the English monarchs to this time. With lists of the present officers in church and state... also The present state of His Majesty's dominions in Germany.
- Text
- London, Printed for J. Brotherton, A. Bettesworth and C. Hitch, G. Strahan, W. Mears, R. Ware, E. Symon, and J. Clark, 1738.
- 1738
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text *KC 1738 (Miege, G. Present state of Great Britain, and Ireland) Schwarzman Building - Rare Book Collection Room 328 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
The present state of Great Britain and Ireland, in three parts. The I. Of South II. Of North Britain, III. Of Ireland. Containing an accurate and impartial account of these famous islands ... Of the Britons original ... genius, religion ... Their nobility, gentry, clergy, and commonalty. Their laws and government; and a succinct history of all the English monarchs to this time. With lists of the present officers in church and state ... also The present state of His Majesty's dominions in Germany.
- Text
- London, Printed for A. Bettesworth, G. Strahan, J. Round, J. Brotherton, W. Means, and J. Clark, 1723.
- 1723
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text *KC 1723 (Miege, G. Present state of Great Britain and Ireland) Schwarzman Building - Rare Book Collection Room 328 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
The present state of Great Britain, and Ireland, being a complete treatise of their several inhabitants; their religion ... government and commerce. Of the Britons original ... nobility nd people ... And a curious abstract of each king's reign from Ecbert, to the end of George I. Also His Majesty's German dominions, and a genealogy of his family. The whole consisting of four parts. To which are added lists of all the offices in England, Scotland, and Ireland; with their whole establishment, civil, military and ecclesiastical. Done in a new method, correct and regular.
- Text
- London, Printed for J. Brotherton, G. Strahan, R. Ware, J. Clarke, C. Hitch, and J. Hodges, 1745.
- 1745
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text *KC 1745 (Miege, G. Present state of Great Britain, and Ireland) Schwarzman Building - Rare Book Collection Room 328 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Politische Radikalisierung in der Provinz : Lageberichte und Stärkemeldungen der Politischen Polizei und der Regierungspräsidenten für Osthannover 1922-1933 / von Dirk Stegmann.
- Text
- Hannover : Hahnsche Buchhand., 1999.
- 1999
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFE 00-1641 Schwarzman Building - Main Reading Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
The present state of Great Britain, and Ireland, being a complete treatise of their several inhabitants; their religion ... government and commerce. Of the Britons original ... nobility and people ... And a curious abstract of each king's reign from Ecbert, to the end of George I. Also His Majesty's German dominions, and genealogy of his family. The whole consisting of four parts. To which are added lists of all the offices in England, Scotland, and Ireland; with their whole establishment, civil, military and ecclesiastical. Done in a new method, regular, copious, and correct.
- Text
- London, Printed for J. Brotherton, G. Strahan, R. Ware, J. Clarke, C. Hitch, and J. Hodges, MDCCLIVIII [really 1748]
- 1748
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text *KC 1748 (Miege, G. Present state of Great Britain, and Ireland) Schwarzman Building - Rare Book Collection Room 328 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
The present state of Great Britain, and Ireland. In three parts. The I. Of South II. Of North Britain, III. Of Ireland. Containing an accurate and impartial account of these famous islands ... Of the Britons original ... genius, religion ... Their nobility, gentry, clergy, and commonalty. Their laws and government; and a succinct history of all the English monarchs of this time. With lists of the present officers in church of state ... also The present state of His Majesty's dominions in Germany.
- Text
- London, Printed for A. Bettesworth, G. Strahan, J. Round, W. Innys, J. Brotherton, E. Symon, and J. Clark, 1728.
- 1728
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text *KC 1728 (Miege, G. Present state of Great Britain, and Ireland) Schwarzman Building - Rare Book Collection Room 328 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Die Kultur der frühen Eisenzeit, 750 vor Christi Geburt bis Christi Geburt, in Mittel- und Westhannover.
- Text
- Hildesheim, A. Lax, 1934.
- 1934
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text N-10 1515 v. 1, no. 3/4 v. 1 Offsite Sammlung der Gesetze, Verordnungen und Ausschreiben für das Königreich Hannover, vom Jahre ...
- Text
- Hannover : C.F. Kius
- 1818-1866
- 52 Items
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text XWK (Hanover, kingdom. Statutes. Sammlung der Gesetze, verodnungen und ausschreiben für das königreich Hannover) 1866 Offsite Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text XWK (Hanover, kingdom. Statutes. Sammlung der Gesetze, verodnungen und ausschreiben für das königreich Hannover) v. 1 1853 Offsite Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text XWK (Hanover, kingdom. Statutes. Sammlung der Gesetze, verodnungen und ausschreiben für das königreich Hannover) v. 2 1853 Offsite Der steinige Weg zur Freiheit : revolutionäre Volksbewegungen 1848/49 im Königreich Hannover / Anke Bethmann, Gerhard Dongowski.
- Text
- Bielefeld : Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 2000.
- 2000
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFD 01-8052 Schwarzman Building - Main Reading Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Acten-Stücke der ... allgemeinen Stände-Versammlung des Königreichs Hannover.
- Text
- Hannover : in Commission der Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.
- 186-186
- 45 Items
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text *SHD (Hanover (kingdom). Landtag. Acten-Stücke deraallgemeine Stände-Versammlung des Königreichs Hannover) Library has: 1820-58(Incomplete) pt. 4 (1858) Offsite Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text *SHD (Hanover (kingdom). Landtag. Acten-Stücke deraallgemeine Stände-Versammlung des Königreichs Hannover) Library has: 1820-58(Incomplete) pt. 5 (1858) Offsite Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text *SHD (Hanover (kingdom). Landtag. Acten-Stücke deraallgemeine Stände-Versammlung des Königreichs Hannover) pt. 8 (1858) Offsite Der ritterschaftliche Adel im Königreich Hannover 1814-1866 / von Ulrike Hindersmann.
- Text
- Hannover : Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2001.
- 2001
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text ATF (Hannover) 02-3914 Schwarzman Building - Milstein Division Room 121 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Die hannoversch-englischen Subsidienverträge 1702-1748 / Gert Brauer.
- Text
- Aalen : Scientia Verlag, 1962.
- 1962
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text M-11 1029 Bd. 1 v. 1-5 Offsite Friedrich Karl von Hardenberg (1696-1763) : ein hannoverscher Hofmann und Staatsdiener im Zeitalter der Aufklärung / Gustava-Alice Klausa.
- Text
- Hildesheim : Verlag August Lax, 1990.
- 1990
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text ReCAP 12-23682 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Mémoires et lettres de voyage / Sophie de Hanovre ; édités, présentés et annotés par Dirk van der Cruysse.
- Text
- [Paris] : Fayard, c1990.
- 1990
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text ReCAP 12-31835 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Kurhannover im Zeichen der Französischen Revolution : Personen und Ereignisse / Gerhard Schneider (Hrsg.).
- Text
- Bielefeld : Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 1990.
- 1990
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text ReCAP 12-3633 Offsite Die Göttinger Sieben : ihre Protestation und ihre Entlassung im Jahre 1837 / Hans Kück.
- Text
- Aachen : Edition herodot : Rader Verlag, c1987.
- 1987-1934
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text ReCAP 12-16351 Schwarzman Building - General Research Room 315 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Ästhetische Lebenskultur nach klassischen Mustern : der hannoversche Staatsminister Ernst Friedrich Herbert Graf zu Münster im Lichte seiner Kunstinteressen / von Nicolaus Strube.
- Text
- Hannover : Hahn, 1992.
- 1992
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text ReCAP 11-23112 Offsite Quellen zur Dorf- und Landwirtschaftsgeschichte : der Raum Hannover im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit / Carl-Hans Hauptmeyer, Jürgen Rund (Hrsg.) ; mit Beiträgen von Ulrike Begemann ... [et al.].
- Text
- Bielefeld : Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 1992.
- 1992
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text ReCAP 11-23845 Offsite Hannover und England, 1740-1760 : Diplomatie und Selbsterhaltung / von Uriel Dann.
- Text
- Hildesheim : A. Lax, 1986.
- 1986
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text ReCAP 12-30253 Offsite Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit, 1810-1813 : Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld / Klaus Isensee.
- Text
- Stade : Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003.
- 2003
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFE 03-10152 Offsite Das Königreich Hannover : kleine Geschichte eines vergangenen deutschen Staates / Mijndert Bertram ; herausgegeben im Auftrag des Museums-Vereins für Volkskunde, Kunst- und Landesgeschichte in Celle.
- Text
- Hannover : Hahnsche, 2003.
- 2003
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFE 04-8771 Offsite Jüdisches Leben in Celle : vom ausgehenden 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Emanzipationsgesetzgebung 1848 / von Silke Lindemann.
- Text
- Bielefeld : Verlag für Religionsgeschichte, 2004.
- 2004
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text *PXS 04-784 Schwarzman Building - Dorot Jewish Division Room 111 Available - Can be used on site. Please visit New York Public Library - Schwarzman Building to submit a request in person.
Sophie von Hannover (1630-1714) : "wenn es die Frau Kurfürstin nicht gäbe" / Karin Feuerstein-Prasser.
- Text
- Regensburg : F. Pustet, 2004.
- 2004
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFD 04-11749 Offsite Jeder will sie haben : Friederike von Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1778-1841) / Uta Ditsche.
- Text
- Regensburg : Pustet, 2004.
- 2004
- 1 Item
Item details Format Call Number Item Location Text JFD 05-402 Offsite
No results found from Digital Research Books Beta
Digital books for research from multiple sources world wide- all free to read, download, and keep. No Library Card is Required. Read more about the project.
Explore Digital Research Books Beta